Study for a Literature Final Using a Concept Map

When you study for a big exam in literature class, youll soon find its easy to become overwhelmed as you review all the works that youve covered during the semester or the year. You must come up with a way to remember which authors, characters, and plots go with each piece of work. One good memory tool to consider is a color-coded concept map. Using a Concept Map to Study for Your Final As you create the memory tool, you should keep a few things in mind to assure the best study results: 1). Read the material. Don’t try to rely on study guides such as Cliff’s Notes to prepare for a literature exam. Most literature exams will reflect the specific discussions you had in class about the works that you covered. For instance, a piece of literature may have several themes, but your teacher may not have focused on the themes covered in a study guide. Use your own notes--not Cliffs Notes--to create a color-coded mind map of each piece of literature you read during your exam period. 2). Connect authors with stories. One of the big mistakes that students make when studying for a literature exam is forgetting which author goes with each piece of work. It’s an easy mistake to make. Use a mind map and be sure to include the author as a major element of your map. 3.) Connect characters with stories. You might think that you’ll remember which character goes with each story, but long lists of characters can be easy to confuse. Your teacher might decide to focus on a minor character. Again, a color-coded mind map can provide a visual tool to help you memorize characters. 4.) Know antagonists and protagonists. The main character of a story is called the protagonist. This character may be a hero, a person coming of age, a character involved in a journey of some sort, or a person seeking love or fame. Typically, the protagonist will face a challenge in the form of an antagonist. The antagonist will be the person or thing that acts as a force against the protagonist. The antagonist exists to prevent the main character from achieving his/her goal or dream. Some stories can have more than one antagonist, and some people disagree on the character who fills the role of antagonist. For example, in Moby Dick, some people view the whale as the non-human antagonist for Ahab, the main character. Others believe that Starbuck is the main antagonist in the story. The point is that Ahab faces challenges to overcome, no matter which challenge is perceived by the reader to be the true antagonist. 5). Know the theme of each book. You probably discussed a major theme in class for each story, so be sure to remember what theme goes with what piece of literature. 6). Know the setting, conflict, and the climax for each work that you have covered. The setting can be a physical location, but it can also include the mood that the location evokes. Make note of a setting that makes the story more foreboding, tense, or cheerful. Most plots center around a conflict. Keep in mind that conflict can take place externally (man against man or thing against man) or internally (emotional conflict within one character). The conflict exists in literature to add excitement to the story. The conflict works like a pressure cooker, building up steam until it results in a big event, like an explosion of emotion. This is the climax of the story.

Culture Care Theory And Application - 1713 Words

Culture Care Theory and Application Nursing theory is foundational to nursing practice; however, there exists a reciprocal relationship between practice and theory. Through examining nursing theory, the nurse can make better-informed decisions about the patient’s care. In addition, the theory will influence the care for future patients as well. One theorist that changed the landscape of nursing is Madeleine Leininger. Her culture care theory changed the dialogue of healthcare regarding care. This paper will discuss the importance of theory in nursing theory. Next, a summary of Leininger’s theory will precede a discussion about how the theory will be applied in a nursing context. Finally, the correlation between Leininger’s theory and the practice of a nurse practitioner will ensue. Her culture care theory will inform the practice of a nurse practitioner and how culturally competent care will be given. Importance of Nursing Theory â€Å"Nursing theory aims to describe, predict and explain the phenomenon of nursing† (Colley, 2003, p. 33); therefore, nursing theory is the scaffolding on which nurses stand to build and remodel nursing practice. This is a symbiotic relationship because nursing theory builds the nursing practice and as practice expands the scaffolding must, in turn, grow as well. As such, the investigation into practice and research keep informing the practice and profession of nursing. Ultimately this leads to more effective patient care utilizing evidenced-basedShow MoreRelatedCulture Care Theory And Application1675 Words   |  7 PagesCulture Care Theory and Application Nursing theory is foundational to nursing practice; however, there exists a reciprocal relationship between practice and theory. Through examining nursing theory, the nurse can make better-informed decisions about the patient’s care. In addition, the theory will influence the care of future patients as well. One theorist that changed the landscape of nursing is Madeleine Leininger. Her culture care theory changed the dialogue of healthcare regarding care. ThisRead MoreApplying Theory Of A Practice Problem Essay756 Words   |  4 PagesApplying theory to a practice problem The nursing theories assist the nurses to identify the limitations of nursing and advance the development of nursing as a unique profession. The theories help to explain the role of nursing in todays health care sector. It also gives the information on the basics of nursing practice and help to create more information in various aspects of patient care. The benefits of having the theory in nursing compromise the improved patient care, therapeutic communicationRead MoreNursing Theorists1257 Words   |  6 PagesNURSING THEORIES ACCORDING TO FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, JEAN WATSON AND MADELEINE LEININGER TOLULOPE ADEDIWURA MINOT STATE UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT Nursing as a profession is based on concrete (scientific, philosophical, behavioral, social, and humanities among others), concepts and theories by past and current nursing theorists. These theorists have helped shape the profession from 19th century till date. New theories are emerging due to advance in health care, as off-shoot of previous theories and alsoRead MoreAnalysis Of Louise Leiningers Theory Of Transcultural Nursing1484 Words   |  6 PagesThesis statement for CLC assignment week 3 In today’s society, our culture is becoming more diverse than it had been in history. 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Nursing theory is the scientific foundation of the nursing profession (). It is composed of ideas, principles, and knowledge unique to the nursing professio n, which ultimately separates it from other professions (Bond et al., 2015)Read MoreTheory Analysis1707 Words   |  7 PagesTheory Analysis Sigmund Freud - Psychosexual Theory  · Basic Philosophy - The basic philosophy is that the sex instinct is the most factor influencing personality; sexual instinct is present at birth, but it occurs in stages. The sex instinct provides the driving force for thought and activity. If conflicts from these stages are not resolved fixations may occur. If overindulgence at a stage may result in a person remaining at that stage. Certain personality traits develop from difficulty inRead MoreThe Implications Of Hispanic Satisfaction Of Healthcare Delivery1540 Words   |  7 PagesTheory Implications in Hispanic Satisfaction of Healthcare Delivery Projections that the United States will undergo an unavoidable demographical change by 2043 in which the minority population will be seen as the majority (Colby, Ortman, 2014), has been consistent. The United States Census Bureau (U.S.) (2014) projects that as the largest ethnic minority, Hispanics, will grow exponentially to 128.8 million by 2060 from 53.3 million calculated in 2012 and having profound repercussions in the nation’sRead MoreNursess Promotion Of Health Literacy Using Theories1706 Words   |  7 PagesNurses Role in Promotion of Health Literacy Using Theories Health literacy has been a problem with our patients. The most vulnerable populations are the elderly, people with low-income levels, those with limited education, non-native speakers of English, those with chronic mental and physical health conditions, minority, and immigrant populations. Nurses have a great role in helping our patients succeed in understanding their health conditions. Nurses can be of great help in promoting health literacy

The Revolution Of The Middle Of A Revolution - 1292 Words

At the end of the nineteenth century, Europe and the United States was in the middle of a revolution. This revolution was known as the Industrial Revolution, and it has left its mark on the world that we still see today. Without the revolution, we wouldn’t have many of the modern convinces that we take advantage of everyday. However, the revolution had many negative side effects to them. These side effects lead to many people losing their lives, and the widening of the gap between the poor and the rich. Aware of the widening gap, Karl Marx wrote out against the problem. However, the problem was still around about fifty years later when Abraham Kuyper also addressed the problem. Both Marx and Kuyper agreed that poverty was a problem†¦show more content†¦In this time, Marx see a new way of life that has a hand in everyone’s life. Marx propose history and the future are on a timeline of stage. In these stages, society has a different economic statis. It start with the tribal way where people share their products. Then, society moves onto the slave. In this society, everything is made on the backs of the slaves and they never get to see any of the income. Next, society when into the feudal system where the peasants who the land in return for a place to live. Finally, society arrived to the time period that Marx was writing his pamphlet from, the capitalist. In this time, the labors worked for the bourgeois to make a product that the bourgeois would benefit from the labor’s work. Marx saw this problem, and he address the problem head on. He addressed the problem so much that he was forced out of Paris. Marx continually called to attention the problems between the bourgeois, or the business owners how made all the money, and the proletarians, or the worker that work for the business. The way Marx propose to fix the problem is shocking to many people today because we know of what happened in that past with this idea; ho wever, Marx didn’t know that. What Marx proposed was the idea of communism. In this society, property is publicly owned and every one works and is paid a minimum wage. Marx goes on how to get the perfect communist society: â€Å"1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rentsShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution Of The Middle East1071 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica’s involvement in the Middle East, all successful generals, military leaders, and conquerors have found commonality in their zealous emphasis on, and desire for, possessing the most technologically advanced forms of weaponry. Such a desire was not ignored in America nor England during the Industrial Revolution, but, rather, was seen by many as an opportune investment during a time of extraordinarily progressive innovation. With this in mind the Industrial Revolution became heavily involved withRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Of The Middle Class Essay1854 Words   |  8 PagesAs the I ndustrial Revolution brought a rise of the middle class, a mass participation in the market emerged, thus a new system of trade was required. The concept of active buying was therefore transformed and passive shopping became the future. The new ways to shop became a revolution in itself, contributing to all aspects of consumerism, mass production and industrialisation in society. Defined by the Oxford Dictionary, consumerism is â€Å"the protection or promotion of the interests of consumers.†Read MoreThe French Revolution Of The Middle Ages Era Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Kingdom in Middle Ages era was ruled by the arbitrary monarch. Besides the king, clergy, which is the officials of the church and nobility, which is the group of aristocrats has supreme power than the society. In the way it ran, there were many problems in the social and economic section, such as poverty and taxation issues. Thus, French Revolution is one of the turning points of French public life. It popular with the slogan â€Å"liberty, legality and fraternity† that brings French to beRead MoreThe Mexican Revolution : A Movement Of The Middle Class1908 Words   |  8 PagesThe Mexican Revolution began as a movement of the middle class protesting against the long-standing dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz. Diaz was an army officer who had came to power after a coup against former president Benito Juà ¡rez. Unlike Juà ¡rez, Diaz established a stable political system, in which the Constitution of 1857 was bypassed, local political bosses (caciques) controlled elections, political opposition, and public order, while a handful of powerful families and their clients monopolizedRead MoreThe Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages 950-1350633 Words   |  3 PagesIn this book it revealed how the middle ages were not dead times, but mere it was the just beginning of everything, such as it gave people more freedom and independence and allowed to people to explore tradi ng new things with others. Basically in the beginning of the book Lopez starts talking about the Roman world and also about the commerce and the effect of the Barbarian invasion, and after that industry started sky rocketing because there was tremendous commercial growth. Also he states thatRead MoreThe Medieval Machine : The Industrial Revolution Of The Middle Ages1377 Words   |  6 Pages The Medieval world has a certain connotation to its meaning. People throughout time have found the era synonymous with negativity. It has often been referenced to as the middle or dark ages lending people the view of a world with little to no progress along human advancement. We often paint the picture of medieval Europe with kings, queens, lords and peasants. We also immediately thing of the bubonic plague that wiped out almost a third of the European population at the time. However, there areRead MoreThe Sexual Revolution During The Middle Of The 20th Century1771 Words   |  8 PagesIn the middle of the 20th century the western world, and especially the United States of America, experienced a sexual revolution where taboos became more acceptable, personal sexuality was better understood, and stigmas attached to sex and sexual preferences were weakened. Much of the sexual revolution was made possible by pioneering scientists and psychologists, like Alfred Kinsey and Evelyn Hooker who dared challenged the status quo and made possible this new understanding of sex. The methodsRead MoreIr A Middle Eastern Country Of The Persian Revolution2063 Words   |  9 PagesBennett David Mr. Dowling Honors Empires Encounters 26 October 2014 Iran A middle-eastern country of over seventy-five million people (â€Å"World†), the country of Iran has undergone many government reforms in the past century and been a major force in international relations. In the late 19th century, Iran (then named Persia) was in the midst of the Persian Constitutional Revolution. Taking place from 1905-1907, the revolution was the result of citizen unrest with the Persian government, especially theRead MoreThe Arab Uprising : The Unfinished Revolution Of The New Middle East943 Words   |  4 Pagesunfinished revolution of the new Middle East. Marc Lynch. New York: Public Affairs, 2012. 269 pp. The Middle East has been involved in turmoil for a quite some time. For years, many revolutions have taken place within the borders of the Middle Eastern area of the world. Outside influences, the United States of America in particular, have tried to decrease the turmoil with military and policy intervention. These efforts have not taken into account the needs of the people involved in the revolutions. InterventionsRead MoreThe Middle Class Life During the Industrial Revolution Essay1138 Words   |  5 PagesThe Middle Class Life during The Industrial Revolution began in England around the 1780’s. It was mainly based on the cotton industry and subsequently many of the inventions that came out of this period were mainly for producing and manufacturing cotton. Another stage of the Industrial Revolution was based on inventions. This is when most of the luxury goods were produced for the public. The Industrial Revolution is seen by scholars, as noted in A History of Western Society, as basically

Education System in England-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Compare and Contrast the higher Education System in England with that of one country of your choice in terms of funding and quality. Answer: Portfolio Evidence The academic writing refers to the different types of the argumentative and the expository forms of a prose that have been used by the different faculty members, students and researchers of a University. The writing in the academic form needs to be on a particular subject that contains a lot of information both semi formal, objective, impersonal and a semi formal sort of. There are various features of an academic writing, it should have the language very simple, and the languages in the written words should not be longer with more dense and varied vocabulary. There is a need to avoid the complexity both in grammatical sense and in the sentence construction that includes the different passives including the subordinate clauses. The written language is considered to contain an objective that needs to be more personal and it should contain more of the nouns and the objectives than the adverbs and the verbs. There is a need to maintain the cohesiveness between the sentences and to make sure the different forms of the signalling words are used to avoid the disruptions in the connections. Accuracy should always be maintained in order to make the responsibility of the source text understanding. There is also a need to make the content very well developed with vocabulary and enriching the grammatical accuracy is highly required. There is a vivid scope for reading strategy that includes comprehending, the plans and there is a need to make the steps readable in the textual context that also helps the students to become more active while reading the comprehension Introduction In this essay, a comparative contrast is being made between the higher education system in England with that of another country with respect to their quality and the funding system. The country that has been chosen in this case is Sweden and an elaborate analysis is made that also concludes with an answer as to which system is the best. Body The education system in both the higher secondary levels in UK and Sweden are good in their own ways but are certainly different in many ways. Any good education system constitutes of the two different key aspects that is the respect and the discipline. These two are regarded as the foundation of the education system in any country (Rakedzon and Baram-Tsabari 2017). In UK, the classroom assessment is considered as the major element in achieving the goals that needs to be taught in the education system. There are some of the simple gestures that are followed by the pupils of UK (Basturkmen 2016). The classroom is considered too blunt that is useful to the teachers and vague that needs to be summarised properly. The concerns are more in case of Sweden. In UK, the teachers are friendly and are seen as compromising gurus. They often have an informal relationship with the student that helps the students to clear their doubts without any hesitation. The students in the UK feel so much ease with their teachers that the concept of the respect diminishes. They get ability to ask questions anytime to the teachers and at whatever time they feel like. The teachers are diligent and congenial at all times with the student (Lillis and Curry 2016). In Sweden, the behaviour of the students seems to be lowered in expectations than the UK. The policy in the marketised system is considered important. The teachers in the Sweden have the different policy shifts and the teachers are not that well paid like those of the UK. (Kathpalia and Heah 2017). The teachers are ensured to be well paid unlike the Ofsted of the Sweden that is indispensable as well as frustrating. Inclusion of the inspection services in Sweden can be assured of having improvement in the schools of the Sweden. In UK, promotion and the good behaviour is given more enhancements. Their concept is to bring out leaders amongst the students so that and to inspire them with various motivational skills. All these innovative applications are applied in order to extend the regular needs of the students and help them in their long run (Canagarajah 2013). In few cases, Sweden is considered as the generous country that has leading youth and the educational policy. Sweden welcomes the refugees to their nation as well as in the schools. It is just that the charge is high in case of the non EU students in Sweden and these are considered as the problems that are faced by the high school students. There are different separate individuals that need to be focussed who try to sort out the problems but that amount is so small that it will not be able force a change into it (Taylor and Thornton 2017). This sort of problem solving classes is not seen in other parts especially in UK. The perspective of the student is to score high marks in the exams so that they get ranks and get admission into their choice of colleges and schools. There are competitions in UK as well and it is very fierce. Since the population of UK is very small than in Sweden, the concept that rises is the inclusion of the more pass outs than the University seats available for the students. In case of the funding, UK is far ahead than maximum education systems in Sweden. The funding is different in various parts of UK. Like in the London it is most expensive that is 6,920 euro and more whereas in case of Sweden, it can sum up to 6000 euros . The fees for the higher education have raised from 2012 and includes the various certification courses that includes different levels of the fees to raise up. The cost of the higher education in the private have raised up to 15,000 euros on an annual basis. The higher education in UK starts from the age of eighteen and goes to variety of vocational and academic qualifications. There is often lack of the belief in the curriculum of both the countries. The contradiction is that the teachers themselves do not believe in what the beliefs are. The teachers in Sweden when they themselves do not have any true academic curriculum to teach what will the students learn. Hence, a lack of the different beliefs needs to be put in the teachers so that the students get to learn well from them. In most of the cases, the exams are objective or on MCQ (multiple choice questions) and the students are elated with this type of syllabus and hence are more successful than the students in sweden (LoCastro and Masuko 2017). Conclusion Hence, it can be concluded from the above report that both the education systems are unique in its own ways. The UK system is much more advanced than the Sweden system and an improvement in the education system may lead the country to achieve in all ways. The future of both the countries lies in the hands of the current generation students. To conclude, the UK system is considered more useful and helpful in case of the education learning system References Basturkmen, H., 2016. Developing writing courses for specific academic purposes.Discipline-Specific Writing: Theory Into Practice, p.31. Canagarajah, A.S., 2013.Critical academic writing and multilingual students. University of Michigan Press. Kathpalia, S.S. and Heah, C., 2017. Sharing the responsibility of Feedback in Academic Writing.The English Teacher, p.23. Lillis, T. and Curry, M.J., 2016. Academic writing for publication in a multilingual world.Handbook of Second and Foreign Language Writing,11, p.201. LoCastro, V. and Masuko, M., 2017. Plagiarism and academic writing of learners of English.HERMES-Journal of Language and Communication in Business,15(28), pp.11-38. Peyton, J.K., 2017. Facilitating Writing of Academic Texts Through Interactive Writing and Graphic Organizers. Rakedzon, T. and Baram-Tsabari, A., 2017. To make a long story short: A rubric for assessing graduate students academic and popular science writing skills.Assessing Writing,32, pp.28-42. Taylor, C. and Thornton, N., 2017. Writing sprints can facilitate collaboration and encourage new ways of thinking about academic writing.Impact of Social Sciences Blog.

The Impact of Leadership on an Organization free essay sample

Leadership has a relationship with a number of factors within an organization at all levels. It can be defined as the process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement. However, this essay with reference to these four theories of leadership, transformational, participative, transactional, situational and will seek to discuss the relationship between leadership and employee and organizational outcomes. First transformational theories, focuses on the relationships between leaders and followers and seek to motivate and inspire by showing those in the organization the importance and higher good of the task. These leaders are focused on the performance of group members, but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential. Leaders with this style often have high ethical and moral standards. This theory can have an impact at the personal level of the employees where these results such as employee empowerment, job commitment, trust, beliefs and motivation can be achieved or enhanced, and unfortunately can either have a positive or negative impact. When leaders recognize that these factors can be determinants of a successful organization, they focus on influencing the behavior of the employees and take full advantage of a sustained positive impact on the organization. This leads to positive personal outcomes for the employees who are more trusting of the organization which leads to high levels of job commitment, high motivation, and will engage in organizational citizenship behavior. However, if these same factors are neglected, a negative impact can occur, and the followers can engage in deviant workplace behavior and counterproductive activities as a result of not being satisfied or demotivated through resistance to any kind of change, or ineffective communication. This method which can also be seen as leading by example and can inspire employees so that it does not feel as just a place to come and receive a pay check, but rather are focused on common goals and will put efforts in achieving those goals. Ultimately, the employees will be motivated and be satisfied in their roles that will then be inclined willingly to engage in organizational citizenship behavior. The organizational outcomes from this theory will be high performance, increased customer satisfaction and effectiveness. On the other hand, if the relationship is negative, thus a breakdown in  communication can occur and employees can seek to go against the culture of the organization possibly forming an interest group where they would engage in counterproductive activities and deviant workplace behavior which can have a spiraling effect on the organization causing inefficiency, ineffectiveness, reduced performance and dissatisfied customers. Secondly there is participative leadership theory, which suggests that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account. This goes a very long way in that it encompasses communication from both parties, which is ideal as information is shared between leaders and employees to attain organizational success. These leaders encourage participation and contributions from employees which help them feel more relevant as part of the organization as they become involved in the decision-making process. In participative theories, employees are very motivated resulting from their input which leads to high productivity. In addition, they are very satisfied in their jobs and with their leader which leads to valued rewards such as working on a high classified project and feeling good about working independently with the high demands of the project. A negative impact would be feeling that they have to agree with the boss decisions and not their own ideas, deviant workplace behavior resulting from unrest, unfairness or corruption within the organization which can also lead to counterproductive activities. Organizational outcomes as a result from this theory can attain such as, high performance, customer satisfaction, effectiveness and efficiency. However, a negative impact can result in a high absenteeism and turnover culture, the perception of high power distance and reduced performance. In addition, the leader retaining the right to allow the input of others creates uncertainty which can happen as time passes, or management changes which can have negative outcomes. Another approach to leadership theories is transactional leadership which according to Organizational Behavior 11e John R. Schermerhorn, Jr., James G. Hunt, Richard N. Osborn, Mary Uhl-Bien, John Wiley Sons, Inc.pg 324 involves leader follower exchanges necessary for achieving routine performance agrees upon between leaders and followers. This theory can be  found in some form or another in all organizations, In fact most employees perform at their best when they are told what to do, when direction is clear. In short transactional leadership is viewed as; you give me something for something in return. When subordinates perform well, they receive some type of reward. When they perform poorly, they are punished in some way such as being looked over for advancement. Some employees do not want the responsibility of decision making thus avoiding the responsibility when something goes wrong and to avoid the possible punishment. Following the instructions of the leader is when they perform at their best which results in high productivity, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior, as it is what they do which is also known as laissez-faire one of the dimensions of this theory. Organizational outcomes would be represented as high performance, high effectiveness and efficiency and full conformity with the culture of the organization. There are those however, that are motivated by responsibility and the rewards and recognition that comes with it, especially when the rewards are established beforehand. This is known as contingent rewards another dimension which also is represented by the same outcomes mentioned above. Active and passive management by exception round out the other dimensions and active management watches for deviations from rules and standards and immediately takes corrective action. This can be seen as a form of micro managing, and can present a negative impact on employees who may believe that they are seen as not capable thus can engage in counterproductive activities. On the other hand, this method offers to be on top of events as they occur minimizing down time improving effectiveness and efficiency as an organizational outcome. Passive only intervenes when standards are not met, thus the feedback resulting from this could be punishment or reprimand. This can serve as a motivator in the future in increased productivity and performance both at the employee and organizational levels. The last of the four theories of leadership is situational leadership which according to Robbins and Judge 14e says successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style and is contingent on the followers readiness to the extent where leaders can determine what their groups are going to do and what the outcomes of their actions are going to be. This  theory sees the importance of followers and uses the foundation that leaders can compensate for lack of ability and motivation with the use of these dimensions. When followers are unable and unwilling, clear and specific directions are needed which also serves as a motivator to obtain higher levels of productivity and job satisfaction for the employee and higher performance and effectiveness levels at the organizational level. However, if they are unable but willing leaders need to compensate for the lack of ability and get them to accept the leader’s desires. This too will have the same outcomes as above. Next when the employees are able and unwilling, the leader has to be supportive and participative in order to be effective. The outcomes at the individual level results in increased productivity because the motivation is high and they are more satisfied with their jobs. The leader does not have to do much when the employees are both able and willing. The four leadership theories mentioned resulted in different outcomes both at the employee level and at the organizational level. Transformational leadership theory focused on motivating and inspiring followers to reach for greater self awareness for the good of themselves and the organization. Transactional leadership guided their followers toward established goals by clarifying role and task requirements. Participation focused on consulting with subordinates and sought their suggestions before decisions were made, and finally situational leadership indicated that there is no one best way to lead and focused on the readiness of the followers.